COMMUNITY BASED-LEARNING(CBL) PROJECT.


In the third week,we had a short discussion on the program flow.Previously it came across our mind to run our project by participating any exhibition instead of inviting students from secondary school.However due to several factors we decided to proceed with the first idea by inviting the secondary students to University Putra Malaysia (UPM). Basically, we plan to divide among us into 3 groups,each will cover a different subtopic related to GMO.So the next week to come,each of the group will be going to present any activity based on the subtopic of basic knowledge of GMO.

COMMUNITY-BASED LEARNING(CBL) PROJECT.


On the forth week of the semester, we did our first presentation focusing more on the activity that we have planned since past week.The topic that was assigned to us is about  Awareness of Genetic Modified Organisms(GMO).Through the whole week we searched for any activities, games, simple experiment that can be related to the title and as the result we managed to list out a few activities with the flows and the setup.In general, we have discussed on the previous week on how we are going to execute the project where we have decided to invite students from nearby secondary school whose in the science stream and at the same time, to make them as our target group for us to spread about GMO awareness.But, before we create the awareness,we plan to introduce to the students on what is GMO all about.So, in our first presentation, the activities relate on what is GMO,how it has been produced and all the particular details relate to GMO.Overall,our presentation slide still need improvement, since there were also few ideas given by our lecturer.So, we concluded to have another presentation after the improvement.

COMMUNITY-BASED LEARNING(CBL)

On the second week,we were introduce to the community-based learning,which is a new strategy of study under the subject Applied Plant Cell and Molecular. CBL is an activity that we,the students of this course, need to plan a project where we can spread and benefit the knowledge of the our field of study to the community.We were told by our lecturer that we will be assessed for this project individually and group work. The assessment will cover on the objectives of the assignment,whether the objectives achieved or not later, the team’s final product such as reports and presentation, the group processes where the commitment will be evaluated, able to meet the deadlines, fair contribution and effective communication among group members.However, even this is new to us,we accepted the challenges.As we were introduced to this project, we looked on the compulsory matter that need to be taken into consideration such as the budget and others availability.

 Microscopy

Under the topic microscopy i  learned on the types of microscope..there are optical,electron,scanning probe and scanning acoustic microscope..A few common light microscope such as bright field,dark field,phase contrast and fluorescence..Besides, I learned  on the microscope parts such as the baseocular or the eyepiece and others..The basic techniques of handling and operating the microscope is  compulsory to have for those who are going to use various types of microscope.Once we know how to operate the microscope,then we need to know what type of microbes or any microorganism that we are going to observe and what is the best microscope to be used to observe that particular microorganism.Using a microscope we can classified different type of microbes.For an example bacteria can be classified to gram positive and gram negative bacteria..Now you need to know on what type of stain to be used to determine different type of bacteria..Using the crystal violet stain will give result of dark purple upon gram positive bacteria under the microscope and using safranin willl give result of pink colour upon gram negative bacteria.Other types of stain such as iodine and alcohol..

Introduction to Microbiology

Microbiology is a field of study of  organisms that is too small that cannot be seen with our naked eye.Microorganisms make up a large part of the planet's living material and play a major role in maintaining the Earth's ecosystem. Some contribute advantages and some lead to distruction.Basicaly, microorganisms are divided into six types  bacteria, archea, protozoa, algae, fungi, and viruses.

The study in microbiology can be applied in our life.Microbiologist play an important roles in order to use and to apply the benefits of microbes to the Earth' s ecosystem and mostly to all living thing.

Microbiology can be divided into severals subdisciplines including in food,medical,enviromental microbiology,microbial genetic, and physiology.

Microbes are useful for us in many ways in various industries.. In the production of foods lactic acid bacteria are used to make yogurt, cheese, sour cream, buttermilk and other fermented milk products, vinegars are produced by bacterial acetic acid fermentation and yeast is used in the manufacture of beer and wine and for the leavening of breads. It is also involved in fermentations to convert corn and other vegetable carbohydrates into ethanol to make beer, wine and so for all the bacteria are the agents of most other food fermentations.While in medical and pharmaceutical  microbes can help us in the fight against other microbes. In human and veterinary medicine, that are used to  treat and prevent infectious diseases, microbes are a source of antibiotics and vaccines.                                                     

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Plant growth regulators

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Plant Hormones and Plant Growth Regulators

Another factor in plant growth is the influence of plant hormones.  Hormones are chemicals produced by plants that regulate the growth processes.

Plant growth regulators are chemicals applied by a horticulturist to regulate plant growth.  In plant propagation, cuttings are dipped in a rooting hormone to stimulate root development.  In greenhouse production, many potted flowering plants may be treated with plant growth regulators to keep them short.  Seedless grapes are treated with plant growth regulators to increase the size of the fruit.  In special situations, turf may be treated to slow growth and mitigate the need for mowing.  

Plant Hormones

Different hormones affect different plant processes.  Understanding how hormones work allows horticulturists to manipulate plants for specific purposes. 

• Auxins produced in the terminal buds suppress the growth of side buds and stimulate root growth.  They also affect cell elongation (tropism), apical dominance, and fruit drop or retention.

• Gibberellins affect:


• The rate of cell division
• Flowering
• Increase in size of leaves and fruits
• Seed and bud dormancy
• Induction of growth at lower temperatures (used to green up lawns 2 to 3 weeks earlier)


• Cytokinins promote cell division, and influence cell differentiation and aging of leaves.


• Abscisic acid is considered the “stress” hormone.  It inhibits the effects of other hormones to reduce growth during times of plant stress.

Pollination and embryo development

A Look at Pollination

All living organisms have one major goal in common, which is to pass along their genetic information to the next generation by creating offspring. Flowering plants create seeds, which carry the genetic information of the parents and develop into a new plant. In order for seeds to be created, a process called pollination must occur.

Pollination is when pollen grains from an anther, the male portion of a flower, are transferred to a female part in the flower, known as the stigma. In order for pollination to be successful, the pollen grains transferred must be from a flower of the same species.

After the pollen grains land on the stigma, they create a pollen tube through the length of the style or stalk connecting the stigma and ovary. Once the pollen tube is complete, the pollen grain will send sperm cells from the grain down to the ovary. When the sperm cells reach the ovary and the egg cells, fertilization will occur, which will result in the formation of the seed. The seed will then be released from the parent plant and will be able to grow into a plant and continue the reproductive cycle using the method of pollination.

Zygotic embryogenesis in higher plants describes the developmental period in which the zygote undergoes a series of differentiation events, leading to the formation of a mature embryo. Establishment of the major embryonic organs and shoot and root apical meristems occur though partitioning events along the apical–basal axis, and many of these events are guided by the hormone auxin. Formation of the three embryonic tissue systems occurs along a radial axis perpendicular to the apical–basal axis. The mature zygotic embryo is generally developmentally arrested, metabolically quiescent and enclosed within maternal tissues of the seed. Somatic cells can be induced to divert from their normal fate and develop into embryos in a process termed somatic embryogenesis. Auxin and other plant hormones appear to play critical roles in inducing embryogenic competence. Zygotic and somatic embryogenesis represent parallel developmental programs in which cells acquire embryogenic cell fate and develop into mature embryos.

Somatic embryogenesis has been the method of choice for tissue culture, regeneration and transformation of maize for over twenty years. Somatic embryogenesis plays an important role in clone propagation. When integrated with conventional breeding programs and molecular and cell biology techniques, somatic embryogenesis provides a valuable tool to enhance the progress of commercial crop species.